## Momentum Selection

Translation invariance of wave functions are different from that in Neural networks, since wave functions have phases.

For state $\vert\psi\rangle$ with momentum $k$, we have the momentum-translation relation

$\langle T_n\sigma\vert\psi\rangle=e^{ikn}\langle \sigma\vert\psi\rangle$

Assume $\langle\sigma\vert\psi\rangle=h(\sum\limits_m e^{-ikm}g(T_m\sigma))$, and wish to obtain the state in desired momentum sector. Usually $g(T_m\sigma)$ correspond to some elemental function applied on the output of a convolution layer. To make g more powerful, we can mix different features but not $m$ (as batch dimension).

The above form also pose some requirements on function $h$.

For $k=0$, momentum-translation relation is automatically satisfied using arbituary $h$.

For $k\neq0​$, let $y(\sigma)=\sum\limits_m e^{-ikm}g(T_m\sigma)​$, we have $y(T_n\sigma)=e^{ikn}y(\sigma)​$ which is already a qualified solution. In order to keep this attribute, $h​$ need to meet the phase keeping requirement $h(e^{ikn}y)=e^{ikn}h(y)​$. The folloing construction are legal

• linear function that $h(\alpha y_1+\beta y_2)=\alpha h(y_1)+\beta h(y_2)$, let $\beta=0$ and the above result is straight forward,
• nonlinear function that map $y$ to either $0$ or $\alpha y$ like ReLU,
• elemental function that act on absolute part like $h(y)=\hat{y}h(\vert y\vert)$ with $\hat{y}\equiv\frac{y}{\vert y\vert}$, $h(e^{ikn}y)=e^{ikn}\hat{y} h(\vert y\vert)=e^{ikn}h(y)$,
• combination of phase keeping functions are also phase keeping.

#### Numerical Result

For 1D $J_1-J_2$ model, $L=16, J_2=0.8$, I calculated the RBM ground state in $k=0,\pi$. For $k=\pi$, we have the yellow line, which is the true ground state. And the blue line is the ground state in the $k=0$ block, both of them matches the exact diagonalization results (dashed, straight lines, don’t believe the legend…).

## Ground state symmetry analysis

These ground states are obtained using ED.

columns are different sizes for chain varying from $2$ to $20$, and rows are different $J_2$ varying from $0.0$ to $1.0$.

Data element ‘-++’ means system changes sign for translate 1 site operation ($T_1$), keeps sign for spin flip ($F$) and space inversion symmetry $I$.

$J_2$\$\mathcal{N}$ 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.0 $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$
0.2 $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$
0.4 $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$
0.6 $—$ $-++$ $+–$ $-++$ $+–$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $—$ $-++$
0.8 $—$ $-++$ $+–$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$ $+–$ $-++$ $—$ $+++$
1.0 $—$ $-++$ $+–$ $+++$ $—$ $-++$ $+–$ $+++$ $—$ $+++$

#### Summary

• $I,F$ changes sign of wave function when and only when $L/2$ is odd.
• For $J_2<0.5$, $T_1, F, I$ are all positive for even $L/2$ and negative for odd $L/2$.
• For $L=16$, $T_1$ have negative eigenvalue! This must be why I fail to get ground state for $N=16$. Is there a phase transition? I suspect even representation power of our Ansaz is enough to describe signn structures of $J_2=0.5$ and $J_2=0.0$, it can fail to describe sign structures for $J_2>0.5$.